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Question: Discuss About The International Journal Safety And Security? Ansswer: Introduction Cultural tourism defines the subset of tourism, which is especially concerned with travelers engagement with the culture of a specific country or region. Moreover, in cultural tourism, tourists are mostly engaged with the lifestyle of the people in those specific countries and their people, architecture, art, religion, expression, custom, food and others (Quattrone, 2015). This study has chosen Kakadu National Park in Australia, which is based on the aboriginal cultural values of the country. The study will discuss the tangible and intangible value of Kakadu National Park. The study will also analyze the ownership and stakeholders of the park. Furthermore, the study will discuss the profile of the park through its significance, management structure, cultural heritage management approach, conservation and sustainability approach. Apart from that, the study will also complete a heritage asset audit and provide some recommendations over better sustainable development of the park. Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage Values According to Pratt and Tarlow, (2014), tangible cultural heritage incorporates historic places, buildings, monuments, artifacts, plants, animals and any other things, which the tourists can feel or touch physically. In Kakadu National Park of Australia, people can enjoy wide varieties of tangible cultural heritage value. Moreover, Parksaustralia.gov.au (2017) opined that Kakadu has more than 2000 plant species and wide varieties of most charismatic animal around. The astonishing array of animals is quite enjoyable to the tourists. On the other hand, Liu, (2014) stated that the wonderful coastline of the park is lined with beautiful mangrove forests. It is extremely pleasing to the tourists coming in the park. Furthermore, the woodland and wetland is also highly pleasing to the tourists. Intangible Cultural Heritage Value According to Harvey Lemelin et al., (2013), intangible heritage incorporates the social practices, rituals, festive events, traditional craftsmanship, art, expression of any particular community associated with any site. Kakadu National Park is full of wide variety of intangible cultural heritage value from which tourist can have great pleasure. Moreover, Packer et al., (2014) opined that rock art of Kakadu has enormous international significance. The paintings of the park provide fascinating record of Aboriginal life, which is up to 20,000 years old. On the other hand, Ashwell, (2015) opined that the tourists can also enjoy traditional expression, customs and culture of aboriginal people in Kakadu park. Tourists can also have wide access to the swimming pool, golf course, traditional foods, and library with internet access, restaurants, hotels and many more. Apart from that, Kakadu has recognized six different seasons based on thousands of years of Aboriginal knowledge. Moreover, to urists can enjoy different kinds of weathers in this park, which are extremely pleasing them. Ownership and Stakeholders Ownership of Kakadu National Park Ownership Explanation Department of Sustainability,Environment, Water, Population Looks after the sustainability issues of the park and protect the natural resources and community Communities Aboriginal traditional land owners Own the land and lease the land to the Director of Park Stakeholders of Kakadu National Park Board of Directors Frame policies regarding the park Tourism Consultative Committee Takes care of tourism management Research and Management Advisory Committee Takes care of park issues Park Staff Manages the daily activities of the park Government Park has to adhere to the rules and regulations of Australian Government Tourist The cultural value of the park should be as per the preferences of customers Land Owner The park has to pay the land owner in regular manner Table 1: Ownership and stakeholders of Kakadu National Park (Source: Centre, 2017) Site significance Lew, (2014) pointed out that cultural heritage is extremely important towards improving economic, social and environmental condition a country. Kakadu National Park has also high level of contribution in improving economic, social and environmental condition of Australia. As per Athanasopoulos et al., (2014), perfect blending of tangible and intangible cultural value attracts huge international tourist in Kakadu National Park. The earnings from the foreign tourists actually add to the economic development of Australia. Apart from that, increasing demand of this park has also indirectly increased the demand of hotels, restaurants, transportations and others. In this way, such improvement of other businesses also has developed the economic condition of Australia. On the other hand, KakaduParkhas also improved the social condition of Australia through mixing of different tourists coming from different culture. Furthermore, Kakadu Park is also significant for protecting the natural resou rces, aboriginal culture and wildlife. Management Structure The traditional owner of Kakadu has leased their land to the Director of Kakadu National Park. Moreover, Lawes et al., (2015) opined that the traditional owners and director of Kakadu jointly manage the park. Moreover, they jointly work together towards solving problems, sharing organizational decision, knowledge, skills and information for perfectly managing the park. The Board of Directors frames the policies and procedures towards managing the park. Apart from that, Tourism Consultative Committee of Kakadu takes care of tourism issues in the park. Furthermore, the Research and Management Advisory Committee manages the priorities and issues of the park. Heritage Management Approach Pusey et al., (2016) opined that effective tourism management approach co-ordinates the activities and services, which is extremely important towards impacting on visitors and their enjoyment on destination site. The management body of Kakadu National Park set clear direction for the park through framing effective vision and leadership to manage the members associated with it. The management bodies take collaborative approach towards maintaining collaborative relationship with the land owners, land managers, Government and tourism committee. Furthermore, Asbridge and Lucas, (2016) opined that managers of the park are also highly capable of community liaison and engagement towards preserving the values of the park. The managers also take innovative approach towards effective marketing and promotion of the park. Conservation and sustainability principles Managing vast national park like Kakadu National Park is quite challenging. However, the management body of the park works extremely hard for keeping the park healthy. The park has taken sustainable approach for preventing wildfire. The park staffs of Kakadu Park ensure that the tourists entering into the park put their cigarette butts and matches in the rubbish bin and not on the ground. Apart from that, Lawes et al., (2015) opined that the park also prevents the spread of weeds through checking the vehicles, equipment and trailers for weeds before entering into the park. Furthermore, the management body of the park also does not allow tourist to feed the animal, as it can harm their digestion. Relationship between heritage and tourism management The attraction of cultural heritage of Kakadu National Park attracts huge numbers of tourists both from domestic as well as international countries. Therefore, the value of cultural heritage itself acts as the promotional content for the tourism management of the park. Furthermore, Asbridge and Lucas, (2016) opined that the cultural value of the heritage itself acts as tourism products towards attracting the tourists. It leads to better tourism management. Apart from that, the antique and invaluable collection of the cultural heritage provides high level of satisfaction to the tourists. Therefore, cultural heritage is highly important to better management of tourism. Visitation Number According to Dailytelegraph.com.au, (2017), considering the three years tourist average it can be seen that Kakadu had 27,000 international tourists, which has dropped to half from 2008. However, Ashwell, (2015) argued that the total number of visitors including territory, interstate and international areas was recorded to be 125,000 by the end of 2016, but this is quite less than Uluru Park. The park has been hit by the global financial crisis since 2008 resulting to less visitors each year. Cultural Tourist Type The Kakadu region is having cultural tourists from international and interstate areas. Such types of tourists are mostly interested in visiting the aboriginal communities, experience Aboriginal art, praise and enjoy the craft and cultural displays of aboriginal communities. The Northern Territory of Australia is mostly having several aboriginal groups who still have the interest in art, paintings and creating sculptures on rocks. Therefore, such cultural tourists take interest in visiting such sectors. Australia Industry Trend At present, the Australian Industry trend for conserving and supporting cultural tourism is mostly done by the Parks Australia. It has been found that entry fees have been increased by 60 percent for Kakadu park from the year 2014 (Centre et al., 2017), so that development can be actualized in future. Also, Asbridge and Lucas, (2016) pointed out that communication, transportation and accessibility for Kakadu Park has been developed in the past four years by modifying infrastructure, technology and wildlife conservation along with sustainability approach. Heritage Asset Audit Following table shows the Kakadu Asset: Asset Notes Non-indigenous People Explorers: Establishments of Portuguese, Chinese, Malays, British and Macassans Buffalo hunters: Establishment of buffalo hunting industry Missionaries: Cultural impact on Aboriginal community Flora 1700 plant species Weed free national park Fauna Mammals: 74 mammal species Birds: 280 species of birds Reptiles: 117 species of reptiles Frogs: 25 frog species Fish: 53 freshwater fish species Landforms 6 major Landforms: Arnhem Land plateau, outliers, lowlands, southern hills, floodplains and tidal flats Aboriginal rock art sites Rocky outcrops of Ubirr, Nanguluwur and Burrunguy Table 2: Heritage Asset Audit of Kakadu National Park (Source: Parksaustralia.gov.au 2017) Recommendations The most noticeable shortcoming that has been found for Kakadu national Park is the reduced visitor number. Therefore, the management needs to increase tourist attraction through marketing and promotional initiatives along with infrastructure development. The main focus should be targeted towards international tourists. Also, until now conservation of cultural heritage has been the main concern, however contamination, waste water, global warming, radiation, water releases are the main factors that hampers sustainability. Therefore, infrastructure needs to be developed. It is the opportunity for management that even after price hike, the amount of visitor has not reduced and therefore, part of the revenue can be utilized for developing infrastructure, waste removal, wildlife conservation and reducing overall toxicity. Conclusion While summing, it can be said that the park is culturally rich but still it is losing tourist interest. It has a good set of tangible and intangible heritage value but the management is not able to market the park for international tourists. Therefore, it has been recommended that infrastructure development will definitely help in improvising the cultural features, which will eventually attract more visitors through intense marketing and promotional strategies. Also, the management has the opportunity to allocate part of revenue for the park development in future. References Asbridge, E., Lucas, R. M. (2016). Mangrove Response to Environmental Change in Kakadu National Park.IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,9(12), 5612-5620. Ashwell, J. (2015). Going bush? Factors which influence international tourists' decisions to travel to remote Australian destinations.Tourism Management,46, 80-83. Athanasopoulos, G., Deng, M., Li, G., Song, H. (2014). Modelling substitution between domestic and outbound tourism in Australia: A system-of-equations approach.Tourism Management,45, 159-170. Centre, U. (2017).Kakadu National Park.Whc.unesco.org. 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